Ionization of liquid gallium coated on a tungsten field-ion tip was investigated using a magnetic-sector atom probe. For the first time, both the energy distribution of ionized Ga and its critical energy deficit with respect to a tip potential were measured as a function of field and tip temperature. Without heating the gallium, a stable Ga+ ion current of up to 10 μA was obtained from a small surface area of a tip with an energy distribution of less than 12 eV FWHM.
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Сакурай et al. (1979) studied this question.
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