Do diamide insecticides have any impact on beneficial arthropods? A review

This is the authors' abstract. We don't add key points for this paper.

Diamide insecticides with novel modes of action have taken a significant place in modern agricultural practices around the globe due to their excellent toxicological profile and effective target efficiency against crop pests. However, concerns surrounding their impact on nontarget organisms, particularly beneficial insects, have spurred widespread scrutiny. In this review, we extensively examine the off-target effects of diamide insecticides on demographic and life table parameters of insect pollinators, predators, parasitoids, and other beneficial organisms by understanding the mode of action as well as the critical comparison of the route of exposure of diamide insecticides between insect pests and beneficial arthropods. Furthermore, the differential susceptibility of different life stages of insects towards these insecticides, physiological impairment as well as detoxification mechanisms employed by natural enemies and pollinators to mitigate the adverse effects of diamide insecticides are also elucidated in detail. By critically evaluating the existing literature, it is clear that, while harnessing the benefits of diamides in insect pest management, the negative impacts on beneficial arthropods are not to be undermined. Future success in insect pest management will benefit from the identification of specific genes responsible for the detoxification of diamide pesticides in beneficial arthropods so as to harness the benefits, reduce their impact, and sustain their presence in the global agrochemical market. Furthermore, policy regulations and outreach activities are needed to inform end users on the judicious use of diamides in specific crop ecosystems.