CLIFFORD, MARGARET M., and CLEARY, T. ANNE. The Relationship between Children's Academic Performance and Achievement Accountability. CmLD DEVELOPMENT, 1972, 43, 647-655. This study, conducted with 99 fourth, fifth, and sixth graders, examined relationships between a measure of internality and performance on spelling, vocabularly, and math tests in which Ss determined the levels of difficulty at which they worked. At each grade level, internality showed a significant positive correlation with performance. For boys, this relationship was stronger than that found between performance and IQ; for girls, IQ correlated more highly with performance than did internality.
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Clifford et al. (1972) studied this question.
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