Two evanescent wave fiber optic sensors for oxygen are reported: one intensity based and the other based on phase fluorimetry. Both sensors employ the quenching by oxygen of the fluorescence from a ruthenium complex trapped in the cagelike structure of a sol-gel-derived porous film on a declad section of multimode optical fiber. The sensors exhibit excellent performance using excitation from new high brightness blue LEDs and establish the viability of low-cost portable sensor devices based on the 501-gel process.
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Brian D. MacCraith (1994) studied this question.