An investigation into what is entailed by the term 'spirituality' among professionals drawn primarily from the big five religious traditions-priests, rabbis, monks, temple presidents, etc.-reveals that while a great deal of difference exists about what is entailed, a basic set of characteristics seems to emerge. Spirituality was not found to be dependent on belonging to a religion, it was more dependent on three criteria: some form of continuous religious or comparable experience, particular maintained effort or practice, and the experience of love. Protestant Christian professionals demonstrated the greatest variety of views; and while differences are shown to exist between the terms 'religiousness' and 'spirituality', the overall view appears to be that the two terms have similar meanings.
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Stuart Rose (2001) studied this question.
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