Key result
Respiration-focused treatment shows initial promise for functional cardiac and panic disorders linked to dysregulated breathing.
Dysregulated breathing and resulting hypocapnia may mediate symptoms in functional cardiac and anxiety disorders, highlighting respiration-focused treatments as a potential therapeutic avenue.
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May support respiration-focused interventions in functional cardiac and anxiety disorders; leaves open efficacy confirmation in prospective trials.
Respiration is a complex physiological system affecting a variety of physical processes that can act as a critical link between mind and body. This review discusses the evidence for dysregulated breathing playing a role in three clinical syndromes: panic disorder, functional cardiac disorder, and chronic pain. Recent technological advances allowing the ambulatory assessment of endtidal partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) and respiratory patterns have opened up new avenues for investigation and treatment of these disorders. The latest evidence from laboratories indicates that subtle disturbances of breathing, such as tidal volume instability and sighing, contribute to the chronic hypocapnia often found in panic patients. Hypocapnia is also common in functional cardiac and chronic pain disorders, and studies indicate that it mediates some of their symptomatology. Consistent with the role of respiratory dysregulation in these disorders, initial evidence indicates efficacy of respiration-focused treatment.
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Wilhelm et al. (2001) conducted a review in Panic disorder, functional cardiac disorder, and chronic pain. Respiratory dysregulation (hypocapnia) was evaluated. Dysregulated breathing and chronic hypocapnia contribute to the symptomatology of panic disorder, functional cardiac disorder, and chronic pain, with initial evidence supporting respiration-focused treatment.
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