The conventional approach for determining drag coefficient in the ballistic theory fits well for simulating water-drop movement emitted from circular sprinkler nozzles. This approach was checked for square and double-rectangular nozzles. The conventional approach does not work. Therefore the concept of an “apparent drag coefficient C d ” was introduced, and a new approach for determining C d was developed. It was verified that the spray distance for a specified droplet diameter calculated by the new approach fitted the observed one very well. The effect of droplet diameter; nozzle-shape, nozzle-size, and discharge coefficient; and pressure on C d was analyzed, and showed that C d is very sensitive to droplet diameter and nozzle-shape coefficient. The new approach was applied to investigate the influence of a sprinkler's trajectory angle on spray distance, and showed that both circular and noncircular nozzles reached their largest spray distances when the trajectory angle was around 37°. The effect of nozzle shape on the direction of droplet terminal velocity was also investigated.
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Li et al. (1995) studied this question.
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