Protective effects of dexmedetomidine on the ischemic myocardium in patients undergoing rheumatic heart valve replacement surgery

Figures

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  Figure 1. Timeline sketch indicating time-points and indicators detected. The time-points were as follows: i) T1, pre-medication; ii) T2, 10 min post-medication; iii) T3, immediately post-intubation; iv) T4, upon skin incision; v) T5, upon sawing the sternum; vi) T6, immediately post-CPB; vii) T7, immediately post-operation; and viii) T8, 24 h post-operation. HR, heart rate; MAP, mean artery pressure; cTnI, cardiac troponin I; IL, interleukin; MDA, malondialdehyde; CPB, cardiopulmonary bypass.

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  Figure 2. Flow diagram of the movement of patients in the present study. None of the randomized patients withdrew from the study (six were lost to follow-up). Pre-Dex group, Dex pre-conditioning group; Dex, dexmedetomidine.

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  Figure 3. (A and B) Changes in HR and MAP in the three groups are shown respectively. HR and MAP in the three groups were recorded at eight time-points: i) T1, pre-medication; ii) T2, 10 min post-medication; iii) T3, immediately post-intubation; iv) T4, upon skin incision; v) T5, upon sawing the sternum; vi) T6, immediately post-cardiopulmonary bypass; vii) T7, immediately post-operation; and viii) T8, 24 h post-operation. Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. aP<0.05 vs. T1, bP<0.05 vs. T2, cP<0.05 vs. T3, dP<0.05 vs. T4, eP<0.05 vs. T5, fP<0.05 vs. T6, gP<0.05 vs. T7. *P<0.05 vs. Control group at the same time point. Bonferroni's correction. HR, heart rate; MAP, mean artery pressure; Pre-Dex group, Dex pre-conditioning group; Dex, dexmedetomidine.

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  Figure 4. (A-E) Changes in the levels of cTnI, IL-8, IL-10, MDA and blood glucose in the three study groups are shown respectively. Levels of cTnI, IL-8, IL-10 and MDA in the three groups were measured at eight time-points: i) T1, pre-medication i.e. the time point before dexmedetomidine was used; ii) T2, 10 min post-medication; iii) T3, immediately post-intubation; iv) T4, upon skin incision; v) T5, upon sawing the sternum; vi) T6, immediately post-cardiopulmonary bypass; and vii) T7, immediately post-operation. Each reaction was performed three times for each patient at each time point. Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. #P<0.05 vs. Dex group at the same time-point; aP<0.05 T5-T8 vs. T1. *P<0.05 vs. the control group at the same time-point. Bonferroni's correction. cTnI, cardiac troponin I; IL, interleukin; MDA, malondialdehyde; Glu, blood glucose; Pre-Dex group, Dex pre-conditioning group; Dex, dexmedetomidine.