In the context of the digital transformation, open science became one of the leading topics of national and international science policies.With regard to the EU we can see this in projects such as the "European Open Science Policy Platform" (OSPP) 1 , the "Open Science Monitor", the "European Open Science Cloud" (EOSC) 2 and several other activities.A key element of open science is to claim for openness of digital research and teaching.This means that research results, research data, research methods and procedures as well as course and teaching content, software and tools are available free of charge and can be reused.The purpose of open science is to improve disciplinary and interdisciplinary cooperation as well as low-threshold forms of knowledge and technology transfer including citizen science.Open science does not only concern changes in research and teaching processes.It also includes funding, governance, collaboration and standardization processes.These issues will be crucial points for preparing the Berlin University Alliance.Open science is without doubt closely related to the digital transformation of science and the research infrastructures.These new shapes will enable new forms of research and collaboration as well as new options to distribute text publications, databases, multimedia objects etc.In the context of digitalisation the term of openness has an extended meaning as the paradigm of open access demonstrate.Open access is the scientific version of self-publishing and includes quality management procedures regularly such as peer reviewing in particular.Open access authors publish their research results by themselves supported by the infrastructures of libraries and/or publishers.The existing technology makes it possible for researchers to manage the publication process independent of publishers.They are able to shape it to their own discretion.
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Kunst et al. (2018) studied this question.