Experiments on mixed-valence compounds such as SmS are customarily interpreted by means of a model where the occupation of a given (4f) shell fluctuates in time with a characteristic period t, even at zero temperature. Such a classical viewpoint is logically not admissible for the stationary ground state of the system. We show, by means of simple and exactly soluble models, how Mössbauer and X-ray emission experiments can be interpreted without recourse to such a picture. The role of the final states in these experiments is essential.
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Kohn et al. (1982) studied this question.
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