Differential Heating of Insects in Dried Nuts and Fruits Associated With Radio Frequency and Microwave Treatments

This research was conducted to provide a theoretical basis and experimental evidence to support the hypothesisthat insect larvae can be preferentially heated in dry nuts and fruits by radio frequency (RF) heating for pest control. Weselected codling moth larvae as the target insect and inshell walnuts as the host material for this study, and focused ourattention on one RF frequency (27 MHz) and one microwave frequency (915 MHz). Dielectric properties measurementsshowed that the loss factor ratio between codling moth larvae and walnut kernels at 20.C was 397 at 27 MHz and 4 at915 MHz. The theoretical prediction for a 3 min treatment at 0.27 kW/kg suggested 12.0.C preferential heating of insectlarvae for the loss factor ratio of 397 (corresponding to 27 MHz) and 0.1.C for the ratio of 4 (corresponding to 915 MHz),when the heat transfer coefficient between insects and walnuts was set at 500 W/m2 .C. To prove differential heating predictedby the theoretical model, a gellan gel with dielectric properties similar to those of insects was used as a model insect. Whenwalnut kernels were heated at 27 MHz from 20.C to 53.C, the model insects were differentially heated from 12.6.C to 21.2.Chigher than the kernel temperature, depending on the power used and the treatment time. These values corresponded to aheating rate for the model insect of 1.4 to 1.7 times greater than that for walnut kernels. As predicted by the theoretical model,microwave heating at 915 MHz caused no differential heating of insects. Preferential heating of insects in dry nuts and fruitsat radio frequencies can be used in developing thermal treatments to control insects without adversely affecting productquality.