Commentary: Arterial switch operation: It's the little things that count

Central MessageCoronary transfer is critical in the arterial switch operation, as well as having a backup plan.See Article page 441. Coronary transfer is critical in the arterial switch operation, as well as having a backup plan. See Article page 441. More than 4 decades ago, Jatene and colleagues1Jatene A.D. Fontes V.F. Paulista P.P. Souza L.C. Neger F. Galantier M. et al.Anatomic correction of transposition of the great vessels.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1976; 72: 364-370Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar introduced the first 2 cases of anatomic correction of transposition of the great vessels in The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. Quickly becoming the standard of care for surgical treatment of transposition, the arterial switch operation (ASO) continues to present challenges when it comes to complex coronary artery anatomy. Difficulties with coronary artery transfer secondary to an intramural course, a single ostium, or the inability to mobilize it adequately are just a few of the scenarios that can lead to coronary artery obstruction and ischemia. Ebels and colleagues2Ebels T. Meuzelaar K. Gallandat Huet R.C. Bink-Boelkens M.T. Cromme-Dijkhuis A. Bams J.L. et al.Neonatal arterial switch operation complicated by intramural left coronary artery and treated by left internal mammary artery bypass graft.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1989; 97: 473-475Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar reported the first neonatal coronary artery bypass to successfully manage this dreaded complication. A neonate with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) underwent an ASO with unsuccessful intramural left coronary artery translocation necessitating a rescue left internal mammary artery to left anterior descending coronary artery bypass. In this issue of the JTCVS Techniques, Iwata and colleagues3Iwata Y. Takeuchi T. Konuma T. Obase K. Eishi K. Infant coronary artery bypass grafting completely under surgical microscope.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Tech. 2021; 10: 441-443Scopus (2) Google Scholar describe 4 infants with an average weight of 4 kg who underwent totally microscopic coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Three of the patients had undergone ASO and needed a CABG within the same hospitalization or at a 3-month interval (n = 2). These 3 patients were alive after a follow-up of 8 years, 3 years, and 8 months. The fourth patient had a high-grade stenosis of the left main coronary artery without structural congenital cardiac disease. Despite excellent angiographic results, this patient passed away 2 months after discharge. This report represents a unique approach to a difficult situation encountered after the ASO. The technique of using a microscope along with interrupted sutures to perform a bypass graft in infants allows for successful outcomes in coronary arteries as small as 0.6 mm. The authors should be congratulated on such impressive results. Unfortunately, details of the original coronary anatomy in the patients with TGA and precise information on the length and extension of the stenosis of the coronary arteries were lacking and may have been helpful when reflecting on how the need for CABG may have been avoided. It should be pointed out that Kitamura and colleagues4Kitamura S. Tsuda E. Kobayashi J. Nakajima H. Yoshikawa Y. Yagihara T. et al.Twenty-five-year outcome of pediatric coronary artery bypass surgery for Kawasaki disease.Circulation. 2009; 120: 60-68Crossref PubMed Scopus (95) Google Scholar have a long history with the successful use of the microscope when performing pediatric CABG. Their largest pediatric experience is with 114 patients with Kawasaki disease needing CABG. The patients range from 1 to 19 years of age, with an average of 1.7 distal anastomoses per patient performed. There was no operative mortality, and 25-year survival was reported at 95%. Remarkably, the 20-year patency rate for the internal thoracic artery graft was 87%. Other groups have reported success with CABG or arterioplasty in children. Thammineni and colleagues5Thammineni K. Vinocur J.M. Harvey B. Menk J.S. Kelleman M.S. Korakiti A.M. et al.Outcomes after surgical coronary artery revascularisation in children with congenital heart disease.Heart. 2018; 104: 1417-1423Crossref PubMed Scopus (7) Google Scholar presented a 30-year experience with CABG/arterioplasty in the 47-center Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium. In total, 137 patients ranging in age of 3 days to 17 years underwent CABG (52%) or arterioplasty (48%) for a variety of pathology, including TGA (n = 30). Note that the TGA group was the largest group and accounted for 0.8% of the patients undergoing ASO in the consortium during that same time period. Operative mortality was 14.6%, with 15-year transplant-free survival being 90.7%. Importantly, there was no difference in operative or long-term survival reported when patients undergoing CABG were compared with those undergoing arterioplasty. Vida and colleagues6Vida V.L. Torregrossa G. De Franceschi M. Padalino M.A. Belli E. Berggren H. et al.Pediatric coronary artery revascularization: a European multicenter study.Ann Thorac Surg. 2013; 96: 898-903Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar reported the European experience from 13 centers performing coronary artery revascularization in 80 pediatric patients (CABG: 65 patients). Mortality was similar at 15%, with risk factors including emergent or rescue surgeries. Alternate approaches to pediatric coronary ischemia have been described. Bergoënd and colleagues7Bergoënd E. Raisky O. Degandt A. Tamisier D. Sidi D. Vouhé P. Myocardial revascularization in infants and children by means of coronary artery proximal patch arterioplasty or bypass grafting: a single-institution experience.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008; 136: 298-305Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar have reported excellent success with coronary artery proximal patch arterioplasty in 25 patients, 19 of whom were post-ASO. Two of these patients required CABG to address left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis from the patch arterioplasty. The authors also included 8 patients who underwent CABG, with either symptoms or graft failure noted in more than one half at 3-year follow-up. The authors concluded that patch arterioplasty was an effective approach to enlarge the proximal coronary. In conclusion, the current report serves 2 purposes. First, it reminds us of the critical nature of the coronary artery transfer in the ASO. Second, if the feared complication of coronary artery ischemia develops, it offers us a useful surgical approach that can be expanded to other pediatric coronary pathology. Infant coronary artery bypass grafting completely under surgical microscopeJTCVS TechniquesVol. 10PreviewWith an increase in congenital heart surgeries such as arterial switch operation (ASO) or the Ross procedure, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in infants has become an increasingly important option because of coronary obstruction as a result of coronary manipulation.1,2 CABG in infants includes technical challenges associated with operating on small vessels. A microscope is, therefore, a promising tool to assist CABG in infants in achieving successful coronary revascularization.3,4 This case series introduces 4 infants who underwent total microscopic CABG.