Comprehensive review details the pharmacology and multisystem actions of contraceptive steroids across clinical populations, highlighting evidence on efficacy and safety.
Historical perspective - the progestins, Nicola Perone, the 0estrogens, Joseph W. Goldzieher mechanism of action - mechanism of action of steroid hormones and antagonists, James H. Clark studies in laboratory animals - pharmacokinetics in various animal species, Wilhelm Kuhnz and Hartmut Blode, metabolism in animals, Frank Z. Stanczyk, issues in animal pharmacology, Richard A. Edgren studies in humans - pharmacokinetics and intermediate metabolism - progestins, Ken Fotherby, ethynyl oestrogens, Joseph W. Goldzieher, long-acting contraceptives, F.M. Primiero and G. Benagiano studies in humans - pharmacodynamics - the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian system, Joseph W. Goldzieher, the female breast, Fritz K. Beller, the lower reproductive tract, Elisabeth Johannison and Ivo Brosens, the adrenal gland, Steven M. Petak and Emil Steinberger, the thyroid gland, Joseph W. Goldzieher, the liver, M.H. Sillem and A.T. Teichman, bone, Morris Notelovitz, effects on the skin, Joseph W. Goldzieher, skeletal muscle function, John C. Wirth, et al, cardiovascular system - blood pressure, Robert Fraser and Ronald J. Weir, coagulation, thrombosis and contraceptive steroids - is there a link?, Fritz K. Beller, contraceptive steroids, plasma lipoprotein levels and coronary artery atherosclerosis, Scott A. Washburn, et al, metabolism - carbohydrates, Karen Elkind-Hirsch and Joseph W. Goldzieher, contraceptive steroids and plasma proteins, Goran Cullberg, vitamins and trace elements, Kosin Amatayakui, the immune system, A.H.W.M. Schuurs, et al, teratogenesis and mutagenesis, Joseph W. Goldzieher drug interactions - drug interactions, D.J. Back and M.L'E. Orme statistical and epidemiological issues - evaluating efficacy and safety, David A. Edelman and Joseph W. Goldzieher. Appendix: chemical nomenclature.
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Goldzieher et al. (1994) studied this question.
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