Total endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting is a robotic assisted procedure to graft the left internal thoracic artery to the left anterior descending coronary artery without opening the chest. Through four 1-cm port incisions the procedure can be performed on the beating heart using a telemanipulation system and an endoscopic vacuum stabilizer to locally immobilize the heart.
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Falk et al. (2006) studied this question.
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