Comparison and correlation analysis of microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acid profile in Milk across 15 mammalian species

were negatively correlated with SCFAs, indicating that SCFAs may help maintain microbial balance by inhibiting pathogens. These findings demonstrate a bidirectional regulatory relationship between milk microbiota and SCFAs, which collectively contribute to the stability of the mammary gland microenvironment and newborn intestinal health. The results not only provide new insights into the conservation and species-specificity of the milk microecology but also offer a important theoretical basis for developing human milk substitutes, functional dairy products, and intestinal health intervention strategies for infants and young children.