TiO 2 /CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 -based photovoltaic devices were fabricated. The microstructures of these devices were investigated by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and their calculations. Structure analysis indicated phase transformation of the perovskite structure from a tetragonal to a cubic system by annealing, which resulted in the improvement of photovoltaic properties of the devices. Effects of a multiple spin-coating method using a mixture solution were also investigated. The result showed an increase in the efficiencies of the devices, due to the microstructural change of the perovskite compound layers.
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Oku et al. (2014) studied this question.
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