The experimental modifications of the classical Landau mode (modification of the first pole, and occurrence of a new propagating mode below the plasma frequency) are due to a peculiar distribution function. This distribution function is approximated by a simple model (i.e. a Maxwellian function plus a water-bag function). A numerical calculation with this model gives new dispersion curves, which agree with experiment.
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Henry et al. (1972) studied this question.
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