Overview of Stachybotrys (Memnoniella) and current species status

Stachybotrys (asexual Hypocreales) has a worldwide distribution. This genus inhabits substrates rich in cellulose and is closely related to Memnoniella. Classification of species has previously been based on morphology, with conidial characters being considered as important. This study re-evaluates Stachybotrys and Memnoniella, which is shown to include at least seven species-groups; while Memnoniella is a synonym of Stachybotrys. The sexual genera Ornatispora and Melanopsamma are also synonyms of Stachybotrys. With the exception of Stachybotrys subsimplex, species formed a well-supported monophyletic group in LSU data analysis belonging to Stachybotriaceae. Seventy-four accepted Stachybotrys species are discussed, while eight species are considered to belong to other genera or are doubtful in this paper and a key to these species provided. Twelve new combinations and 1 nomina nova is proposed. The status of Stachybotrys species on health, as human or animal pathogens, in indoor environments, and use as biocontrol agents and compound discovery are also discussed.