Only class C β-lactamases were found to be synthesised by ampicillin-resistant psychrophilic bacteria collected in the Antarctic. Most of them were inducible but the induction factor varied greatly. Even in non-induced conditions, where no lysis occurred, a large proportion of the activity was found in the culture supernatant, an unusual observation with class C producers.
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Pierrard et al. (1998) studied this question.
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