Sandra J. Newell, Otto T. Solbrig, Dwight T. Kincaid, Studies on the Population Biology of the Genus Viola: III. The Demography of Viola Blanda and Viola Pallens, Journal of Ecology, Vol. 69, No. 3 (Nov., 1981), pp. 997-1016
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Newell et al. (1981) studied this question.
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