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As system requirements in terms of the BER performance and capacity increase, so will the need for more advanced detection techniques. The application of advanced receiver structures is optional for phase 2 of the UMTS FDD mode, while it is mandatory for the time-division duplex mode. Layer 1 of both modes is based on wideband direct sequence code-division multiple access technology, where a physical channel is characterized by the code, frequency, and, in the uplink, the relative phase (I/Q). Furthermore, in the TDD mode the physical channel is also characterized by the time slot (TDMA component).
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Koulakiotis et al. (2000) studied this question.
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