Statistical Analysis of Coronal Hole Spatiotemporal Evolution, Kinematics, and Lifetimes over 1.5 Solar Cycles

Coronal holes (CHs) are fundamental solar features and the primary source of high-speed solar wind, yet their long-term statistical properties remain insufficiently constrained. In this study, we leverage the Detection and Tracking Algorithm for Coronal Holes (DETACH) to construct an unprecedented 12 hr resolution CH dataset spanning 1.5 solar cycles (2010–2025) using Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) observations. Based on this comprehensive database, we conduct a rigorous statistical analysis of CH spatiotemporal evolution, kinematics, and lifetime dependencies. First, we reveal a prominent north–south asymmetry in various CH physical parameters, including area, magnetic flux, and magnetic field strength, providing observational constraints for hemispheric decoupling in solar dynamo models. Second, kinematic analysis demonstrates that CHs do not rotate as perfectly rigid bodies; rather, they exhibit a distinct differential rotation, albeit with a significantly smaller latitudinal gradient compared to the underlying photosphere. Furthermore, by employing survival analysis, we systematically decouple the factors influencing CH lifetimes. We find that the CH area and unsigned magnetic field strength positively correlate with lifetime, whereas extreme ultraviolet (EUV) intensity, rotation speed, and absolute latitude exhibit negative correlations with lifetime. These findings not only confirm previous theoretical and localized observational studies but also provide a robust statistical foundation for understanding large-scale CH evolution and improving space weather forecasting.