Computational modeling demonstrates reduced normal contact stiffness under Greenwood theory with asperity interaction, indicating divergence from fractal and experimental values.
We present the calculations of the normal contact stiffness based on the Greenwood unified theory of rough surfaces. In the model, the effect of asperity interaction is taken into account. The present results based on the Greenwood model were lower than those of both the experimental and fractal models presented in our earlier papers.
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Buczkowski et al. (2026) studied this question.
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