This monograph examines the metaphysical structure of Ibrahimic monotheism (Tawhid) through the dual frameworks of primary causality (Musabbib al-Asbab) and contingent existence (Asbab). By analyzing the public disputation (Munāzarah) of Sayyiduna Ibrahim ('alayhi as-salām) in ancient Mesopotamia and the empirical suspension of thermodynamic decay during his trial by fire, this paper establishes the foundational axiom that physical matter remains entirely dependent upon uncaused Divine Sovereignty.
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Ghulam-e-Shah-e-Unmani et al. (2026) studied this question.
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