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September 14, 2026Biochemistry and Biophysics ReportsOpen Access

Principal component analysis-guided framework for comparative biological evaluation of fish-based food extracts and biogenic amines using a RAW 264.7 macrophage model

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Authors

CTChun Lai TooHHHusniza HussainMBMS Ahamad Bustamam

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Overview

In vitro study reveals distinct inflammatory response profiles between biogenic amines and fish extracts in RAW 264.7 macrophages, highlighting a PCA-based framework for food safety screening.

Key Points

  • To evaluate the cytotoxicity and inflammatory potential of nine common biogenic amines, fish-based food extracts, and their mixtures using a RAW 264.7 macrophage model and multivariate analysis.
  • Treated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells with nine individual biogenic amines, keropok lekor (fish snack) extracts, and corresponding amine mixtures.
  • Quantified nitric oxide (NO) production, TNF-α secretion, and overall cell viability across all exposure conditions.
  • Applied Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to consolidate multiple biological endpoints into multivariate inflammatory response profiles.
  • Tryptamine and spermidine provoked the strongest pro-inflammatory responses among the evaluated biogenic amines.
  • Keropok lekor fish extracts clustered separately from highly inflammatory biogenic amines, exhibiting comparatively low inflammatory activity.
  • PCA multivariate integration effectively distinguished the toxicological signatures of pure chemical compounds from complex food matrices.

Cite This Study

Too et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6aa7b3fc0926e14a848b357dhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2026.102788
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