Numerical and experimental investigations of the flow–pressure relation in multiple sequential stenoses coronary artery

Fig. 1. An idealized three-dimensional axisymmetric coronary artery model with multiple coronary lesions in series. Diameters of stenosis (DOS) from left to right are: D 1 = 2 mm, D 2 = 1.5 mm and D 3 = 1 mm, respectively. Pressure measurements are taken at the locations P 1, P 2, P 3 and P 4

Fig. 2. Experimental setup: pulsatile flow for multiple stenosis. (1) flow meter; (2) reservoir; (3) Ismatec pump; (4) settling chamber; (5) Omega pressure transducer; (6) 3D printed phantom multiple stenosis model

Fig. 3. The physiological pulsatile inlet velocity boundary conditions with mean flow rate \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${Q}_{1}$$\end{document}Q1 = 254.5, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${Q}_{2}$$\end{document}Q2 = 169.6 and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${Q}_{3}$$\end{document}Q3 = 84.8 ml/min

Fig. 4. The pressure drop measured across different numbers of stenosis in the vessel with flow rate change in experiments; ΔP 12: the pressure drop between the first stenosis and the inlet, ΔP 13 : the pressure drop between the first two stenoses and the inlet, ΔP 14: the pressure drop between the inlet and the outlet. The experimental error bars are ±5%

Fig. 5. The pressure drop across the entire vessel generated from both experimental and numerical studies