Development and evaluation of lyophilized nanoliposomes as a stable delivery system for black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae oil

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) oil is a sustainable lipid with antimicrobial potential, yet its application is hindered by poor stability and undesirable odor. In this study, lyophilized nanoliposomes encapsulating BSFL oil were developed via thin-film hydration and freeze-drying, with process parameters optimized by single-factor and orthogonal experiments. The optimal conditions were pre-freezing at −80 °C for 12 h, drying for 24 h, 10% (w/v) β-lactose as lyoprotectant, and PBS (pH 7.0) for reconstitution. The resulting liposomes exhibited a mean size of 145.13 nm, PDI of 0.337, zeta potential of −46.76 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 85.05%. TEM showed intact vesicular structures, while FTIR and XRD confirmed hydrogen-bonding stabilization and an amorphous glassy matrix. The in vitro release profile displayed no burst effect, indicating stable bilayer entrapment. Storage tests over 30 days demonstrated good stability at 4 °C and 25 °C, with encapsulation efficiency losses of only 3.99% and 6.2%, respectively, whereas 60 °C caused marked degradation. Collectively, this study establishes an optimized fre·eze-drying strategy for producing stable and redispersible BSFL oil nanoliposomes, with promising potential for further development in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.