Effects and risk assessment of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in agricultural soil. 3. Sublethal effects on soil invertebrates

Sewage sludge applied to agricultural soils often contains considerable amounts of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS). Toxic effects of LAS on soil organisms should, therefore. be evaluated to ensure safe use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer. In this study, dose-response relationships for the toxicity of Na-LAS to six species of soil invertebrates (survival, reproduction, and growth) were established using a sandy, agricultural soil as test substrate. In general, toxic effects on reproduction and growth appeared when the concentration in soil exceeded 40 to 60 mg/kg. Reproduction was approximately fourfold more sensitive in earthworms and enchytracids than in springtails and mites. It is argued that this difference in sensitivity is related to the dependency of soil pore water, which is high in the annelids but comparatively low in the arthropods.