[reaction: see text] The binding tendencies toward carboxylates of a trifurcated receptor containing three copper(II)-cyclam subunits have been investigated in pure water, through the displacement of a fluorescent indicator. The receptor is tailor-made for the recognition of tricarboxylates, e.g., citrate, whose three negatively charged oxygen atoms interact with the three coordinatively unsaturated Cu(II) centers.
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Fabbrizzi et al. (2005) studied this question.