Chemical composition of Callistemon subulatus essential oils and the protective effects against cyclophosphamide-induced lung toxicity: GC/MS metabolic profiling with in vivo and in silico experimental studies

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. GC chromatograms of C. subulatus essential oils showing their compositional variation.

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  FIGURE 2. The compositional variation of C. subulatus leaf, flower, stem, and capsule oils displays overall classes of compounds (A), the major monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (B), and the three major hydrocarbons in stem and capsule oils (C).

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  FIGURE 3. Effect of CLO treatment on the lung index in rats with CY-induced pulmonary toxicity. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 6) at p < 0.05 using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test.

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  FIGURE 4. Effect of treatment with CLO on pulmonary GSH (A), CAT (B), and MDA (C) levels in an experimental model of pulmonary toxicity induced by CY. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 6) at p < 0.05 using ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test.

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  FIGURE 5. Expression of alpha smooth muscle actin by immunohistochemical staining (×100). Photomicrographs of stained sections for the control group (A) CY-treated group (200 mg/kg) (B) CY + CLO-treated group (50 mg/kg) (C) CY + CLO-treated group (100 mg/kg) (D) and CLO-treated group (100 mg/kg) (E). Results are quantified as OD of the stained regions (F). Brown color (positive) indicates specific immunostaining of alpha smooth muscle actin, and blue color (negative) indicates hematoxylin staining (n = 3). Data are presented as the means + S.D. across 15 different sections at p < 0.05.

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  FIGURE 6. Effect of CLO treatment on CY-induced histological alterations of rat pulmonary tissues. Photomicrographs of hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections from the control group (A) CY-treated group (200 mg/kg) (B1,B2) CY + CLO-treated group (50 mg/kg) (C) CY + CLO-treated group (100 mg/kg) (D) and CLO-treated group (100 mg/kg) (E) with ×100 magnification power. Interalveolar septum (S), alveolar duct (D), alveolar wall thickness (AL), muscle thickness (M), inflammatory cells (In), congested blood vessels (Cn), epithelial desquamation (ED), epithelium hyperplasia (EP), and goblet cells (G).

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  FIGURE 7. Quantitative scoring of histological changes following CLO and CY treatment in terms of percentage area of blood vessel congestion (A), number of inflammatory cells (B), number of bronchioles with epithelial hyperplasia (C), alveolar wall thickness (D), and muscular wall thickness (E). The data are presented as the means ± S.D. (n = 5) and analyzed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test, at p < 0.05.

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  FIGURE 8. 2D interaction diagram of eucalyptol (A) and α-pinene (B) with human CAT, PDB ID: 8hid.

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  FIGURE 9. 2D interaction diagram of eucalyptol (A) and α-pinene (B) with the TGF-β receptor, PDB ID: 6bby.