The daily mean energy expenditure of free-ranging heifers grazing crested wheatgrass rangeland was estimated as 161 kcal/kgBW^.75/day using the carbon dioxide entry rate technique (CERT). This was 46% greater than the mean 110 kcal/kgBW^.75/day estimated for stall-fed heifers consuming similar forage. Under laboratory conditions, CERT can provide a mean estimate of energy expenditure that has a standard error of 5% and a coefficient of variation of 20%.
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Havstad et al. (1982) studied this question.
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