Divergent viewpoints about the statistical stage of a mixed method: qualitative versus quantitative orientations

Within mixed methods research, a key issue is how to mix qualitative and quantitative research orientations. Similar debates arise within a mixed method called Q methodology [Q] that has an 80-year history and strong qualitative leanings. Q is often identified with the sorting of statements and the factor analysis (grouping) of people with similar viewpoints. However, Q is a complete methodology with statistical, philosophy-of-science, epistemological, and psychological principles. This study sought to empirically study the viewpoints concerning Q’s factor analytic stage using Q to reveal viewpoints that reflect divergent worldviews about research and mixed methods. Although the idea of Q as a mixed method is represented across all three perspectives, these views diverge in relation to the factor analytic stage. The three perspectives that emerged are: Inherently Mixed-Focus, Quantitative-Focus, and Skeptical Novice. Thus, viewpoints include one accepting qualitative-quantitative focused factor analysis, another accepting traditional factor analysis, and another that seems doubtful of the other viewpoints. These distinct viewpoints mirror discussions within the larger mixed methods community and in social science research in general about how research methods and philosophies can be mixed. Implications for examining debates within mixed methods communities and future research are discussed.