The following experiments were undertaken to find the laws governing the suspension in water of fairly large particles such as river sand. It is obvious that stream-line motion in horizontal layers cannot support particles heavier than water, and that their suspension must be due to turbulent motion uniformly distributed without any steady flow. This was similar to the paddle wheel apparatus used by Joule in determining the mechanical equivalent of heat.
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H. E. Hurst (1929) studied this question.