Questions and answers on diagnosis and management of patients with Peripheral Arterial Diseases: a companion document of the 2017 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS)

The disclosure forms of all experts involved in the development of these guidelines are available on the ESC website http://www.escardio.org/guidelines. The Full Text Guidelines and Addenda of this companion document are available at: www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Peripheral-Artery-Diseases-Diagnosis-and-Treatment-of A 76-year-old male is referred 48 hours after a transient ischaemic attack in the territory of the left carotid artery. He presented a recurrent episode of transient aphasia two hours prior to admission. He is not currently taking any medication. The duplex ultrasound scan (DUS) reveals a 60% stenosis of the left internal carotid artery (ICA) and non-stenotic plaques in the right ICA. Q1. Do you plan any further carotid imaging? If carotid artery stenting (CAS) is considered as the treatment approach, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or computed tomography angiography (CTA) is necessaryfor visualizing the aortic arch. If carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is the chosen treatment strategy, the DUS scan should be corroborated either by CTA or MRA or alternatively DUS should be repeated in an expert centre for confirmation prior to intervention.