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Nowadays, solar energy is gaining more popularity in the world due to its significant nature of being green and sustainable. Yet, many are concerned about power generation because its efficiency is low. So, by using advanced algorithms like MPPT, we can improve the efficiency of solar power generation through PV panels. The Perturb and Observe (P&O) MPPT algorithm is one of the most commonly used techniques due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness. However, its performance is affected by load variations and rapidly changing environmental conditions, leading to power losses. This paper analyzes the effectiveness of the P&O MPPT algorithm for different load conditions and explores various modifications to enhance tracking accuracy. The integration of MPPT with power converters further improves system efficiency. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of implementing P&O MPPT in real-world PV systems. Future advancements in adaptive MPPT strategies will be crucial in maximizing solar energy utilization.
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G et al. (2025) studied this question.
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