Impact of 3D printing on indoor particulate matter and volatile organic compounds in educational environments

3D printing has been widely used in K-12 schools and universities as a tool to facilitate education. However, studies have shown that material extrusion 3D printing is a source of airborne particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that could pose health concerns to the occupants indoors, especially to vulnerable populations like children. This study evaluated the impact of low-emitting 3D printers and materials on indoor air quality in various educational settings that were not initially designed or operated for emission sources like 3D printers. The results showed minimal to moderate levels of ultrafine particles in printer rooms, but they were transient based on printing schedules. 3D printing associated VOCs such as aldehydes, hydrocarbons, aromatics and siloxanes were detected, and many showed elevated concentrations in printer rooms. 3D printing could be a source of hazardous chemicals in classrooms, in addition to other common indoor sources like cleaning and housekeeping products and personal care products. Overall, normal use of one or two validated low emitting 3D printers and materials tended not to pose significant health risks in classrooms, since measured PM and hazardous chemical levels were below indoor recommended levels for most scenarios. However, room conditions, ventilation settings, and occupant activities could also be important factors affecting indoor PM and VOC levels and should be monitored for safe environments.