MCAM interacts with integrin β1 to promote EGFR-TKI resistance in lung adenocarcinoma through the JAK3 signalling pathway

BACKGROUND: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have exhibited remarkable efficacy against EGFR-mutated lung cancer. However, the majority of patients receiving EGFR-TKIs face a grim prognosis due to acquired drug resistance. Melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM), a highly glycosylated type I transmembrane protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily, is upregulated in EGFR-TKI-resistant EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma. The objective of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of MCAM in mediating resistance to EGFR-TKIs. METHODS: qRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence techniques were employed to analyze the expression of MCAM in EGFR-TKI sensitive and resistant cells.CCK-8 assay and subcutaneous xenograft model in nude mice were utilized to investigate the correlation between MCAM expression level and resistance to EGFR-TKIs. Furthermore, receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) phosphorylation antibody array, co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, and dual-luciferase assay were employed to elucidate its molecular mechanism. RESULTS: The expression level of MCAM was significantly higher in EGFR-TKI resistant lung adenocarcinoma cells compared to EGFR-TKI sensitive lung adenocarcinoma cells. CCK-8 cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that overexpression of MCAM enhanced resistance to EGFR-TKIs in EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma cells. Overexpression of MCAM promoted the growth of transplanted tumors in nude mice, while having a limited effect on the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs. Moreover, interaction between MCAM and integrin β1 activated the downstream JAK3 signaling pathway, thereby promoting resistance to EGFR-TKIs. The transcription factor STAT2 activates transcription of the target gene MCAM by binding to its promoter region. CONCLUSIONS: MCAM can enhance the resistance of EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma cells to EGFR-TKIs, both in vitro and in vivo. Through its interaction with integrin β1, MCAM activates JAK3 protein, thereby stimulating cell proliferation and contributing to the development of acquired resistance in sensitive cell lines. The expression of MCAM is regulated by the transcription factor STAT2. This study presents a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with EGFR-TKI resistance.