Efficient VOx/Ce1–xTixO2 Catalysts for Low-Temperature NH3-SCR: Reaction Mechanism and Active Sites Assessed by in Situ/Operando Spectroscopy

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Supported V 2 O 5 /Ce 1– x Ti x O 2 (3, 5, and 7 wt % V; x = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1) and bare supports have been tested in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by NH 3 at different gas hourly space velocities (GHSVs) and were comprehensively characterized using XRD, pseudo in situ XPS, and UV–vis DRS as well as EPR and DRIFTS in in situ and operando mode. The best V/Ce 1– x Ti x O 2 ( x = 0.3, 0.5) catalysts showed almost 100% NO conversion and N 2 selectivity already at 190 °C with a GHSV value of 70000 h –1, which belongs to the best performances observed so far in low-temperature NH 3 -SCR of NO. The corresponding bare supports still converted around 80% to N 2 under the same conditions. On bare supports, SCR proceeds via a Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism comprising the reaction of adsorbed surface nitrates with adsorbed NH 3 . On V/Ce 1– x Ti x O 2, nitrate formation is not possible, and an Eley–Rideal mechanism is working in which gaseous NO reacts with adsorbed NH 3 and NH 4 + . Lewis and Brønsted acid sites, though adsorption of NH 3, do not scale with the catalytic activity, which is governed rather by the redox ability of the materials. This is boosted in the supports by replacing Ce with the more redox active Ti and in catalysts by tight connection of vanadyl species via O bridges to the support surface forming −Ce–O–V(═O)–O–Ti– units in which the equilibrium valence state of V under reaction conditions is close to +5.