The pH of the solution from which the gel is precipitated determines the calcined zirconia crystal phase. Monoclinic zirconia is produced from materials precipitated in the 6.5 to 10.4 pH range; the tetragonal precursor is obtained for the 3 to 4 or 13 to 14 pH range. The calcination atmosphere, temperature history during calcination, and the presence of alkali do not appear to play a dominant role in determining the zirconia phase composition.
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Burtron H. Davis (1984) studied this question.
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