Operating Experiences of Full‐Scale Biological and Ion‐Exchange Denitrification Plants in France

In France, nitrate removal by biological means was authorized in 1981 and by ion exchange in 1985. To date, four installations use the biological process and six plants incorporate ion‐exchange techniques. Details of the plant are explained. The first conclusions can now be drawn from the results of the startup period as well as from operation. The existing facilities produce water in compliance with laid‐down regulations, and in a reliable manner throughout the year. The average capital costs of all the French facilities are given, together with typical operational costs.