Bluetongue is an arthropod-borne viral disease affecting ruminants and camelids, caused by bluetongue virus (BTV). The emergence of BTV-3 in Northern Europe in 2023 led to rapid spread, including 212 UK cases by the 2024–2025 vector season. Clinical signs include oedema, haemorrhage and high mortality, particularly in sheep. Transmission via Culicoides midges is influenced by climate change, increasing outbreak risks. Control measures include movement restrictions, surveillance, and vaccination. The outbreak highlights the need for vigilance, research on vector dynamics, and improved vaccine strategies to mitigate the impact of emerging BTV strains on the livestock industry.
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Timothy Sioned (2025) studied this question.
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