The reduction process of fluorine-doped SnO 2 (SnO 2 :F) electrode in the presence of CO 2 was investigated by x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), colorimetry, and gas chromatography. It has been found that a SnO 2 :F with (200) preferred orientation undergoes the following five reduction stages: 1. Oxygen-defect formation and constant hydrogen evolution, 2. Acceleration of oxygen-defect formation and hydrogen evolution. At this stage, formyl -HCO- and methoxy -CH 3 O- are formed on the surface
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Shiratsuchi et al. (1992) studied this question.