Understanding the dynamics of physical education: a qualitative study of its roles and challenges in Pakistan

Purpose Physical education (PE) at the secondary school level is indispensable for endorsing the physical health, mental wellbeing, and social development of students. It supports overall development while nurturing teamwork, discipline, and resilience among students. Despite its importance, research on the roles and challenges of PE in Pakistan is limited. Based on Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, this qualitative study investigates the roles and challenges of physical education at the secondary school level in Pakistan. Methods The study used phenomenological qualitative research design to examine the roles and challenges of physical education at the secondary school level. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 10 PE teachers working at the secondary school in Pakistan. The interview data were analyzed using manual thematic analysis, generating three main themes: (1) health perspectives, (2) facilities and resources, and (3) curriculum implementation. Results The findings indicate that PE significantly impacts the students' mental and physical health and enhances teamwork and leadership qualities. However, challenges such as a shortage of trained PE teachers, inadequate facilities for physical activities, and insufficient government funding support limit the effectiveness of the PE program. These demonstrates that the effectiveness of PE is influenced not only by classroom-level practices but also by broader institutional and policy environments. Implications The findings highlight the need for greater government investment in PE resources, curriculum integration, and trained PE teachers to establish an effective and comprehensive PE program at the secondary school level. Strengthening this interconnected school, institutional, and policy condition is essential for establishing a more inclusion, effective, and comprehensive PE program in Pakistani secondary schools.