A flexible 2.4 GHz wireless sensor node with a bespoke single-layer monopole antenna, tuned for on-body operation for wearable applications, is presented. Multiple antenna design approaches for tuning on-body antennas have been investigated. The proposed antennas patch and meandered, designed for operation in the insole, exhibit a simulated realized gain of -3.98 and -1.97 dB, respectively. The antennas were fabricated on a 25 μm flexible polyimide substrate, exhibiting up to 16% lower insertion losses at 20 GHz than FR4 PCBs. The integrated node incorporates a commercial Bluetooth low energy system-on-chip and exhibits 9 dB higher measured gain than commercial modules with reference antenna design. Moreover, through functional radio test, it was confirmed that the designed node passes Bluetooth transmitter certification tests.
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Wagih et al. (2018) studied this question.
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