Geohelminth infections (ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm): Cognitive and developmental impacts

Many children in low-income countries experience delays in psychological and physical development that negatively affect their ability to participate in life at school and at home. These delays constrain their ability to take full advantage of what is often their only opportunity for formal education and may limit their social functioning later in life. The etiology of this underachievement is complex because numerous factors experienced during a child's formative years may have a detrimental effect upon development and functional efficiency. However, recognition of the specific deleterious effects on development of some of the most prevalent worm infections of humans has been growing. This article reviews the evidence for this association and new approaches designed to evaluate the impact of these infections.