Switchable aerobic/anaerobic multi-substrate biofuel cell operating on anodic and cathodic enzymatic cascade assemblies

and demonstrates an open circuit potential of 0.65 V. To our knowledge this is the first reported biofuel cell that discharges with both anodic and cathodic enzymatic cascade architectures and the first biofuel cell that is repeatedly switched between aerobic and anaerobic conditions without any significant decrease in the discharge performance.