Large piezoelectricity and dielectric permittivity in BaTiO 3 -xBaSnO 3 system: The role of phase coexisting

We report ultrahigh dielectric and piezoelectric properties in BaTiO 3 - x BaSnO 3 ceramics at its quasi-quadruple point, a point where four phases (Cubic-Tetragonal-Orthorhombic- Rhombohedral) nearly coexist together in the temperature-composition phase diagram. At this point, dielectric permittivity reaches ∼75000, a 6–7-fold increase compared with that of pure BaTiO 3 at its Curie point; the piezoelectric coefficient d 33 reaches 697 pC/N, 5 times higher than that of pure BaTiO 3 . Also, a quasi-quadruple point system exhibits double morphotropic phase boundaries, which can be used to reduce the temperature and composition sensitivity of its high piezoelectric properties. A Landau-Devonshire model shows that four-phase coexisting leading to minimizing energy barriers for both polarization rotation and extension might be the origin of giant dielectric and piezoelectric properties around this point.