Improving Access to Pediatric Surgery in LMICs Through Capacity-Building: A Systematic Review

OBJECTIVE: Pediatric surgical conditions are a significant source of morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where children with surgically treatable conditions lack access to care owing to an insufficient number of pediatric surgeons, poor and limited training, and financial barriers. There is a growing shift from charitable missions to capacity-strengthening projects, which strengthen the skills and resources of communities. The objective of this study was to synthesize the literature to identify capacity-strengthening projects, their methods and outcomes, and their limitations and barriers. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Web of Science were searched until May 5, 2023. Eligibility criteria were as follows: (1) inclusion of pediatric surgery patients; (2) designation as capacity-strengthening interventions; (3) outcomes of improved access defined through Lancet Commission on Global Surgery Indicators; and (4) designation as an LMIC defined by the World Bank. Two independent reviewers conducted screening and extraction. RESULTS: A total of 80 studies met inclusion criteria. Interventions were implemented in 69 LMICs and used 19 different methods of capacity strengthening. Common capacity-strengthening methods included the following: international surgical visits, training programs, partnerships, mobile clinics and camps, infrastructure enhancements, and telemedicine. Common methods used included the following: training of local providers, continuous contact between both countries after the visit was completed, improved access for rural families, and economic support for low-income families. A total of 1 357 077 pediatric surgeries were performed through these interventions. Limitations included the fact that only peer-reviewed studies were included. Included studies were mainly case series or small observational studies with qualitative data. CONCLUSIONS: This review identifies methods to implement capacity-strengthening interventions in LMICs, including their successes and barriers. Future research should report ethical concerns and quantitative outcomes to determine effectiveness.