The pattern of genetic divergence in 11 proteins was established by gel electrophoresis among 13 Brazilian and non-Brazilian Anastrepha species. This genus contains many morphologically similar forms whose taxonomic status is uncertain. We found that in Brazil, and probably elsewhere, several unrecognized, closely related allopatric and sympatric sibling species are routinely identified as A. fraterculus (Wiedemann). There is no clear relationship between the levels of genetic and morphological divergence. Some morphologically indistinguishable species show greater genetic differentiation than do such morphologically distinct species as A. fraterculus and A. ludens (Loew), normally placed in different species groups. The genetic similarity between morphologically distinct (I=.856 ± .006) and sibling species (I=.838 + .005) of Anastrepha is greater than that encountered among similar taxonomic categories of Rhagoletis (I=.726 + .031 and I=.741 ± .088) or Drosophila (I=.352 ± .023 and I=.563 ± .023). This pattern of divergence suggests that many species of Anastrepha are relatively young and speciation has been rapid and recent. Geographic distribution, host relationships, and other biological attributes are presented, and implications for pest management programs are discussed.
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Morgante et al. (1980) studied this question.