Computational study demonstrates an optimized 5-bit all-optical binary-to-Gray converter in Ag/ZnO waveguides, indicating potential for compact integrated plasmonic coding.
Surface plasmon polariton devices enable strongly confined optical processing at subwavelength scales. This work presents a 5-bit all-optical binary-to-Gray converter using Ag/ZnO/Ag metal–insulator–metal waveguides with hexagonal ring resonators at 1310 nm. A two-dimensional COMSOL Multiphysics model verified all 32 input states using a transmission threshold of 0.25, while MATLAB R2025b Gaussian process regression assisted geometrical optimization. The final design achieved contrast ratios of 58.91 dB for G 4 and 11.85 dB for G 3 –G 0 , compared with 9.70 dB initially, corresponding to a 22.16% overall improvement. Spectral analysis yielded an FWHM of 28.5 nm and Q ≈ 46. These results support compact integrated plasmonic coding applications.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
ALhadithy et al. (2026) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context: